In the constellation of Pisces, some 100 million light-years from Earth, two galaxies are seen to collide - providing an eerie insight into the ultimate fate of our own planet when the Milky Way fatally merges with our neighbouring galaxy of Andromeda.
           The image of the intertwined galaxies was captured on the night of 13-14th July 2005 by the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph [GMOS] instrument fitted to the 8-metre class Gemini North Observatory, sited on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. 
           Prof. Ian Robson, Director of the UK Astronomy Technology Centre which built GMOS in collaboration with other partners said, "This is quite scary. Since GMOS was installed on the telescope back in 2001 it has taken some amazing astronomical images of very faint, distant galaxies and star forming regions, providing a wealth of scientific data, but this one sends shivers down my spine. Our saving grace is that we have about 5 billion years left before we get swallowed up by Andromeda. Nevertheless, it's amazing to see so far in advance how planet Earth and our own galaxy will ultimately end. Glad to say I won't be around when the fireball happens."
           The image [left] of the combined galaxies, which are known as NGC 520, may be fairly early in their galactic dance of death and it is likely that the situation has changed dramatically in the time it has taken for their light to reach Earth*.
           Prof. Robson added, "Hints of new star formation taking place can be seen in the faint red glowing areas above and beneath the middle of the image. Perhaps even now the galaxies have totally combined to form a whole new galaxy with a brand new set of stars and associated planets - and maybe new life on one of those planets!"
           The unique shape of NGC 520 is the result of the two galaxies colliding. One galaxy's dust lane can be seen easily in the foreground and a distant tail is visible at the bottom centre. These features are the result of the gravitational interactions that have robbed both galaxies of their original shapes.

* Light years: The galaxies are some 100 million light years away from Earth. A light year is a measure of distance (rather than time) that light can travel in one year. The image is seen on Earth as it was 100 million light years ago.
 

           José Luis Ortiz had no idea that his announcement on July 29th of the discovery of a big Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) would kickstart one of the most confusing and controversial days for the astronomical community in recent years. The astronomer from Sierra Nevada Observatory, Spain, sent an e-mail detailing his findings with the subject "Big TNO discovery, urgent" to a mailing list for astronomers. A few hours later, reports surfaced on some astronomical websites indicating that the object found by Ortiz, designated as 2003 EL61, was twice as big as Pluto, but they were quickly dismissed by Ortiz.
           At the same time, another team led by astronomer Mike Brown of Caltech reported they had been observing 2003 EL61 for almost a year, but were waiting to analyze data from the Spitzer Space Telescope before announcing the discovery.
           "There is no question that the Spanish group is rightly credited with discovery," Brown stated on his personal website. "Even if they had found the object only this year and announced its existence, they would still be considered the rightful discovers. We took a chance that no one else would find it while we were awaiting our observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope. We were wrong! And we congratulate our colleagues on a very nice discovery."
           But just hours after that, Brown announced to the media the discovery of two other big TNOs, designated as 2003 UB313 and 2005 FY9. Regarding the first one, he stated that it's about three times as far from the Sun as Pluto, and "it's definitely bigger" than the ninth planet.
           Brown's team discovered 2003 UB313 on January 8th, but wanted to further analyze their observations. However, they "were forced to announce their results on Friday evening because word had leaked out" he said.
           "In mid-July, short abstracts of scientific talks to be given at a meeting in September became available on the web. We intended to talk about the object now known as 2003 EL61, which we had discovered around Christmas of 2004, and the abstracts were designed to whet the appetite of the scientists who were attending the meeting. In these abstracts we call the object a name that our software automatically assigned, K40506A -the first Kuiper belt object we discovered in data from 2004/05/06, May 6th-. Using this name was a very very bad idea on our part."
"Unbeknownst to us, some of the telescopes that we had been using to study this object keep open logs of who has been observing, where they have been observing, and what they have been observing. A two-second Google search of "K40506A" immediately reveals these observing logs".
           According to Brown, from the moment the abstracts became public, anyone with an Internet connection and a little curiosity about the "K40506A" object could have found out where it was.
 Brown was quick to point that he believes the fact that this discovery happened days after the data were potentially available on the Web is a coincidence. But "some people in the community privately expressed their concerns to me that this coincidence was too good to be true and wanted to know if there was any possible way that anyone could have found out the location of our object," he added.
           At this point, Brown contacted Brian Marsden at the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center (MPC). Brown told him confidentially about the two objects not yet announced (2003 UB313 and 2005 FY9), expressed his concerns that someone might be able to find their data and attempt to claim credit for discovering these objects, and sought advice.
           Marden found that someone had already used the website of the MPC to access past observations of one of the objects and predict its location for that night. The past observations were precisely the logs from the telescope that Brown's group had been using. "We had no choice but to hastily pull together a press conference which was held at 4pm on the last Friday in July, perhaps the single best time to announce news that you want no one to hear", said Brown.
           However, some astronomers have a very different opinion about Brown's announcement.
 "The group of Dr. Brown decided, as in previous cases, not to make public its detection until they finished their observations and their research work, and until the object was in conjunction with the Sun so that other people couldn't observe it," stated Dr. Javier Licandro in an e-mail sent to a Spanish-speaking astronomy mailing list. Licandro works at the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, in Spain.
           "They did it before with Sedna. But this time, by taking this ‘doubtful' risk, they lost all the rights on the discovery of that object. Even more, their policy is, at least, criticizeable."
 "Due to the detection of 2003 EL61 by Ortiz et. al., and because of the fiasco that this has represented for Brown et. al., they decided to go public ‘ipso factum' with their discoveries of two other objects that they knew at least from six months ago, 2005 FY y 2003 UB313," said Licandro.
           Contacted by AstronomiaOnline.com, Brown wouldn't want to elaborate on Licandro's comments. "I like Javier. It is unfortunate he feels the need to make such remarks," he said.
 But it didn't take long for Ortiz to air his own feelings about the situation. "With technology many times more advanced than our own, Brown's team had discovered three big objects many months ago, but they were hiding their findings from the international scientific community, as they did before with Quaoar and Sedna," he declared to the Spaniard paper ABC.
           "This secrecy was useful to Brown, as it allowed him to study the object in detail and exclusively. But his actions harm science and don't follow the established procedures that imply notifying the existence of a new object to the astronomical community as soon as it's discovered," added Ortiz.
           Brown indicated that he didn't get that statement from Ortiz himself, so he would not want to comment on it directly. However, asked again by AstronomiaOnline.com, he said: "In general, there certainly are people who have that opinion, to which they are entitled. I, however, cannot think of any area of science in which an ‘established procedure' is to announce a discovery with no time for thought and analysis. Anyone who feels otherwise is welcome to go and find these objects themselves -as did Ortiz- and get the credit for their own discoveries."